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"One of the thirteen
original colonies, South Carolina has had a rich and varied history. When
Spanish and French explorers arrived in the area in the 16th century, they found
a land inhabited by many small tribes of Native Americans, the largest of which
were the Cherokees and the Catawbas. The first European attempts at settlement
failed, but in 1670 a permanent English settlement was established on the coast
near present day Charleston. The colony, named Carolina after King Charles I,
was divided in 1710 into South Carolina and North Carolina. Settlers from the
British Isles, France, and other parts of Europe built plantations throughout
the coastal lowcountry, growing profitable crops of rice and indigo. African
slaves were brought into the colony in large numbers to provide labor for the
plantations, and by 1720 they formed the majority of the population. The port
city of Charleston became an important center of commerce and culture. The
interior or upcountry, meanwhile, was being slowly settled by small farmers and
traders, who pushed the dwindling tribes of Native Americans to the west.
By the time of the American
Revolution, South Carolina was one of the richest colonies in America. Its
merchants and planters formed a strong governing class, contributing many
leaders to the fight for independence. More Revolutionary War battles and
skirmishes were fought in South Carolina than any other state, including major
engagements at Sullivan's Island, Camden, Kings Mountain , and Cowpens. South
Carolina ratified the United States Constitution on May 23, 1788, becoming the
eighth state to enter the union.
In the following years the state
grew and prospered. With the invention of the cotton gin, cotton became a major
crop, particularly in the upcountry. A new capital city, Columbia , was founded
in the center of the state, reducing somewhat the political power of the
lowcountry elite. Dissatisfaction with the federal government and its tariff
policies grew during this period, however. In the 1820s South Carolinian John C.
Calhoun developed the theory of nullification, by which a state could reject any
federal law it considered to be a violation of its rights. Armed conflict was
avoided during this period, but by 1860 tensions between the state and the
federal government reached a climax. Unhappy over restrictions on free trade and
about calls for the abolition of slavery, South Carolina seceded from the union
on December 20, 1860, the first of the Southern states to do so. When
Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor on April 12, 1861,
the nation plunged into Civil War.
The Civil War and its aftermath
were devastating for South Carolina. The state lost nearly one fifth of the
white male population, and its economy was shattered. The final blow came in
early 1865 when General William T. Sherman marched his troops through South
Carolina, burning plantations and most of the city of Columbia. The
Reconstruction period that followed the war was marked by general economic,
social, and political upheaval. The former white leaders found themselves
without money or political power, while the large population of freed slaves
sought to improve their economic and political positions. When federal troops
were withdrawn in 1877, white conservatives led by Governor Wade Hampton were
able to take control of state government once again. The economy continued to
suffer in the years that followed, however. Cotton prices were low, and the
plantation system that had brought South Carolina such wealth was dead. Populist
reforms in the 1890s brought more political power to small white farmers, but
African Americans were disenfranchised and increasingly segregated.
By the beginning of the 20th
century, South Carolina was starting to recover economically. The textile
industry began to develop first, then in the years that followed other
manufacturers moved into the state, providing jobs and economic stability. In
recent years tourism has become a major industry, as travelers discovered the
state's beaches and mountains. On September 21, 1989 Hurricane Hugo struck the
coast, causing great damage to homes, businesses, and natural areas, but the
state has made a remarkable recovery in the ensuing years. The second half of
the 20th century also brought enormous change in the status of black South
Carolinians. The civil rights movement of the 1960s brought a relatively
peaceful end to segregation and legal discrimination. The most serious incident
of this period occurred in 1968 at Orangeburg, where three black protesters were
shot by state police. Two years later three African Americans were elected to
the state legislature, and many others have subsequently served in state and
local offices. As the century drew to a close, all of South Carolina's citizens
were able to participate in the state's government and economy."
- From the myscgov.com website.
To learn more about South
Carolina visit http://www.myscgov.com/
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